brown, the military and society (1989)

(387): 1938, Ataturk dies

(388) 1950s, Democrat Party and Menderes alienated the military establishment

(388) May 27, 1960, "Bloodless coup"

(389) National Security Council allowed the military to return to the barracks [i.e., they institutionalize the authority of senior commanders in the State apparatus

(389) Fall 1961, return to civilian rule -- (1) Justice Party, under Demirel; (2) RPP w/ Inonu (coalition / (3) REligious elements /Marxists

(389) March 1971, military intervenes again (domestic turmoil); 'coup by communique'

(389) 1971-1973, rule by civil servants

(390) 14 October 19763, return ot civilian rule (elections uncertain)

(390) 12 September 1980, military intervention


(391) [identical to Musharraf  (to 'resolve' democracy) [1] ethnic heterogeneity? Kurds vs. 4 provinces; (2) US role is similar, so effectively held constant]

(399) military corporate identity is perpetuated through recruitment patterns


(400) in sum: intervened reluctantly; and has withdrawn with ease because it was well-institutionalized within the State [but if this is the explanation, why has Pak not withdrawn? because it, too, was well-institutionalized within the State]